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Authors
Gao, Lingli
Chen, Yan
Su, Shuoshuo
Chen, Yixun
Chen, Lidian
Gao, Jing
Feng, Xiaodong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Key Research and Development Program of China
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Article History
Received: 21 October 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 13 March 2026
Declarations
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: The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Peking University. The IRB approval number for the main household survey, including anthropometrics, is IRB00001052-11015. All participants in the original CHARLS survey provided written informed consent.As this study is a secondary analysis of the existing, de-identified public data from CHARLS, additional ethics approval was not required for this analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
