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Authors
Hsu, Haowen
Clark, Collin M.
Feuerstein, Steven
Foster, Amanda
Lin, Hang
Patel, Aman R.
Jacobs, David M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL153582)
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Article History
Received: 30 September 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 5 March 2026
Declarations
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: This research uses Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data files, which are publicly available and contain only de-identified information. Pursuant to federal regulations governing human subjects research, the use of publicly available, de-identified secondary data does not constitute human subjects research and is therefore exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) oversight. The conduct of this research adheres to the ethical principles for research involving human data as outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
