Wang, Qiang
Wen, Jing
Yao, Liming
Mu, Xueying
Zou, Jing
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42501286)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (42501308)
the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program (Grade C) of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (GZC20250230)
Chongqing Social Science Doctoral Program (2025BS041)
the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of Ministry of Education of China (25YJCZH259)
the 78th General Funding of China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2025M782533)
Yibin Philosophy and Social Sciences Foundation Project (YB25Q13)
Article History
Received: 10 November 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 7 April 2026
Declarations
:
: Data from the “China Migrants Dynamic Survey” is available to researchers authorized by the Migrant Population Service Center. Written informed consent was previously obtained from all participants. The analysis of this public access data was exempted from review by the Research Ethics Committee of Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics; as the study involved analyzing existing, de-identified data, formal ethical approval was not required. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.