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Authors
Liu, Jian
Xu, Shengjia
Wang, Zhiwei
Song, Xueqing
Long, Zongke
Luan, Xiaorong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72474121)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72474121)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72474121)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72474121)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72474121)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72474121)
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Article History
Received: 22 June 2025
Accepted: 16 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: The study followed the Declaration of Helsinki and was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Shandong University (Approval No. 2021-R-123). All participants were informed and gave informed consent to voluntarily participate in this study to ensure the fairness and reliability of the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
