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Authors
Gao, Fei
Ren, Kexin
Fan, Bingbing
li, Lang
Liang, Wenke
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Jilin Province Sports Science Research Project (202540)
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Article History
Received: 30 October 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 9 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects as stated in the WMA Declaration of Helsinki. The data were sourced from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS). Ethical approval for the CHNS study was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA), the National Institute for Nutrition and Health (China), and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (approval code: 201524). All participants provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion in the original CHNS survey. As this study involved a secondary analysis of fully anonymized and publicly available data from CHNS, additional ethical approval was not required.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
