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Article History

Received: 25 November 2025

Accepted: 18 February 2026

First Online: 16 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol—including the electronic informed-consent procedure—was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the First Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University (approval no. [A]KY2024111) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. No risk or harm to participants or their institutions was anticipated. The informed-consent form was appended to the online questionnaire; before starting the survey, participants viewed a detailed statement that concluded: “By beginning the questionnaire, you agree to all terms in the informed-consent form.”

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.