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Article History

Received: 21 January 2026

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 11 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA IRB No. 2022-11-16-R-A; approved November 16, 2022). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation. The present study involved a secondary analysis of publicly available, fully de-identified KNHANES data (9th cycle, 2022–2023). The study protocol was reviewed by the Institutional Review Board of Daejin University and was granted an exemption from ethics review (IRB No. 1040656-202512-HR-02-18; approved December 2, 2025).

: Not applicable.This study used publicly available, anonymized data, and no individual-level identifiable information is presented.

: The authors declare no competing interests.