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Authors
Yan, Jingzheng
Wang, Yaning
Wang, Zhaotai
Cao, Yingjuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China
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Article History
Received: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 16 March 2026
First Online: 26 March 2026
Declarations
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: This retrospective study utilized data from the CHARLS database. Patient information was de-identified before analysis, and informed consent was waived with no ethical concerns. The CHARLS database was approved by the Peking University Ethics Review Committee (IRB00001052-11015), and all participants provided informed consent during data collection. The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
