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Article History

Received: 25 January 2026

Accepted: 9 April 2026

First Online: 15 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethical clearance was obtained from the University of Witwatersrand Human Research Ethics Committee (reference R14/49). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants provided informed consent after receiving clear and understandable information about the study’s purpose, potential risks, benefits, and right to refuse or withdraw. Confidentiality and privacy were maintained through secure data storage, restricted access, and the use of study numbers instead of participant identifiers in the data sheets. Assessments were conducted in a private environment. Participant autonomy was respected by allowing participants to ask questions and express concerns. Participation was entirely voluntary, where participants were free to decline without any negative consequences to their care. All information was collected anonymously. Permission to access relevant participant records was obtained from the CMJAH CEO (reference GP_202410_084) and department heads of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology. Copyright permission to use and record the MoCA was obtained and can be provided upon request.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.