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Authors
Ma, Yue
Fang, Yan
Zhao, Yan
Shi, Hui
Ding, Li
Liang, Jingjuan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fu Xing Nursing Scientific Research Fund of Fudan University, Shanghai, China (FNF202345)
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 16 April 2026
First Online: 22 April 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, China (approval number: Approval No. 2023临审第[817]号, approval date: 2023/10/18). Informed consent was obtained from all study participants. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, without any deviations from the research protocol approved by the Institutional Review Board of Huashan Hospital, Fudan University.
: An unauthorized version of the Chinese MMSE was used by the study team without permission, however this has now been rectified with PAR. The MMSE is a copyrighted instrument and may not be used or reproduced in whole or in part, in any form or language, or by any means without written permission of PAR (www.parinc.com).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
