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Article History

Received: 4 October 2025

Accepted: 20 April 2026

First Online: 11 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The Longitudinal Aging Study in India (LASI) Wave 1 (2017–2018) received ethical approval from the Ethics Review Board of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai, India. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion in the survey. LASI followed rigorous protocols to ensure voluntary participation, privacy, and confidentiality of respondent information. The present analysis used the publicly available, de-identified LASI Wave 1 dataset. Therefore, no additional ethical approval was required for this secondary data analysis.

: Not applicable for this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.