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Authors
Zulkifli, Maryam Mohd
Muhamad, Rosediani
Abdul Rahman, Razlina
Abdul Kadir, Azidah
Mustafa, Norlaila
Liamputtong, Pranee
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia (FRGS/1/2021/SKK04/USM/02/4)
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Article History
Received: 4 November 2025
Accepted: 23 April 2026
First Online: 13 May 2026
Declarations
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: Statement: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM/JEPeM/18050243). Informed consent was obtained from the participants. Participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits before participating voluntarily. Participants’ personal information and data were kept confidential and only disclosed as required by legal and ethical guidelines. This study was performed in compliance with the Helsinki Declaration.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
