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Authors
Chen, Ziyue
Wu, Huiling
Zhou, Jinxin
Guan, Guoxiang
Wang, Shuhui
Zhu, Shenxin
Dong, Jie
Song, Li
Zhang, Shan
Liu, Yongbing
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (SJCX25_2410)
the National Social Science Foundation of China 2024 (24BRK008)
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Article History
Received: 28 January 2026
Accepted: 12 May 2026
First Online: 16 June 2026
Declarations
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: The CHARLS was conducted with ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants during the original CHARLS data collection process. This study only used anonymized aggregated data without access to any personal identifiers, thus complying with ethical standards. No additional ethical approval was required for this secondary data analysis.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
