Chen, Zizhuo
Liu, Yuhao
Yin, Shufei
Zhang, Xin
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hubei Institute of Basic Education & Hubei Research Center for Quality Education in Primary and Secondary Schools Open Fund Projects (#202511101699015)
National Social Science Fund of China (#24CSH114)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (#2024YFC3606801)
Article History
Received: 25 February 2026
Accepted: 15 May 2026
First Online: 25 May 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, Peking University (IRB#2018–03-03). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to participation.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Acknowledgements: We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the PKU-Guixian Education Joint Lab for Family and Child Development.