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Article History

Received: 9 January 2026

Accepted: 15 May 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study utilizes secondary data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). The original CHARLS survey was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (Approval No. IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided signed informed consent at the time of participation. Since the data used in this study are publicly available and anonymized, no further ethical approval was required for the current secondary analysis.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.