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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China (No. 23JZD028)
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Article History
Received: 2 March 2026
Accepted: 22 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: The data used in this study were drawn from the 2018 and 2020 waves of the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS). The CLASS survey was approved by the relevant institutional ethics committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. The present study is a secondary analysis of anonymized survey data and did not require additional ethical approval.
: Not applicable. No individual person’s data are presented in this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
