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Authors
Zhang, Shimin
Li, Jie
Liu, Ziyu
Dong, Xiaosheng
Zhang, Yuxun
Zhou, Chengchao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Science Foundation of China (72574128)
the China Medical Board (16–257)
Cheeloo Youth Scholar Grant, and Shandong University (IFYT1810)
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Article History
Received: 19 November 2025
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 2 June 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Shandong University School of Public Health (approval number: 20181228; approval date: 28 December 2018). All procedures were in accordance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant before the survey to clarify the purposes, significance, methods, and risks of the study. Informed consent was obtained from a legally/kin authorized representative for illiterate older people.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
