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Article History

Received: 7 February 2026

Accepted: 8 June 2026

First Online: 17 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The data utilized in this study were obtained from the publicly available CFPS, administered by the Institute of Social Science Survey (ISSS) at Peking University. The CFPS project received ethical approval from the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-14010), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the original survey. The present study was based on anonymized secondary data that are publicly available and did not involve direct interaction with human participants. Therefore, additional ethical approval and informed consent were not required. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.