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Article History

Received: 14 February 2026

Accepted: 15 June 2026

First Online: 29 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of Donghai County People's Hospital (Approval No. DHXRMYYLL2023029).This was a prospective observational study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal representatives prior to enrollment, including consent for blood sample collection within 48 hours of hospital admission.All data were anonymized prior to analysis to ensure patient confidentiality. No identifiable personal information was disclosed.The external validation cohort was conducted under the same ethical framework, with approval obtained from the corresponding institutional review board and written informed consent obtained from all participants.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.