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Authors
Pan, Zhijie
Chen, Jia
Lin, Yuning
Deng, Haitang
Feng, Wenjie
Shao, Qingfeng
Zou, Kai
Zhang, Yang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (2023A1515140129)
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Article History
Received: 10 March 2025
Accepted: 23 June 2026
First Online: 27 June 2026
Declarations
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: All data were obtained through request to the Online Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Central Distributor, which administers the database. This study conforms to the NIS data-use agreement with HCUP (certification: #HCUP-6GXX48I31). Because this study analyzed secondary data from the NIS database, patients and the public were not involved directly. The study protocol was submitted to the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of our hospital, which exempted the study from IRB approval. Since all data in the NIS database are de-identified, the requirement for informed consent was also waived.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
