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Authors
Ukawa, Shigekazu https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4084-1720
Zhao, Wenjing https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8263-3703
Okabayashi, Satoe
Kimura, Takashi
Shan, Yifan
Hao, Wen
Ando, Masahiko
Wakai, Kenji
Tsushita, Kazuyo
Tamakoshi, Akiko
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (JP20K02392 [CoBiA], JP24K05554 [CoBiA])
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (JP15390197, JP25893003, JP26460760, JP26520105)
Pfizer Health Research Foundation
Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Welfare Foundation
Uehara Memorial Foundation
Health Promotion Foundation
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2026
Accepted: 29 June 2026
First Online: 3 July 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committees of the participating institutions, including Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine (2014, no. 37), Aichi Medical University School of Medicine (2008, no. 558), National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology (2006, no. 242), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine (2002 and 2004, no. 162), and Osaka City University School of Human Life Science (2021, no. 21-01). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
