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Authors
Chou, Yi-Chang https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7478-0105
Cheng, Feng-Shiang https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0042-3141
Weng, Shih-Han https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7674-8280
Tseng, Chih-Hao
Hu, Hsiao-Yun https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3604-3494
Liu, Chieh-Hsing
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 23 July 2026
First Online: 29 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted using encrypted data from the Taipei City Public Health Database, ensuring that individual participants could not be identified. As the data were originally collected for public health surveillance and research purposes, the requirement for written informed consent was waived. The study protocol and waiver of consent were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Taipei City Hospital (approval number: TCHIRB-11303014-W). The research was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and the approved study protocol.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
