Hung, Yu-Lun
Cheng, Chu-Yin
Hsu, Ting-Yu
Hsu, Ting-Hsuan
Lin, Chun-Hung Richard
Chiu, I-Min
Kung, Chia-Te
Cheng, Chi-Yung
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG8P0411)
Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG8Q0891)
Article History
Received: 27 April 2026
Accepted: 18 August 2026
First Online: 25 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Chang Gung Medical Foundation (IRB numbers: 202301582B0 and 202500614B0). Given that the patient data utilized in the analysis was anonymized and de-identified, the ethics committee granted a waiver for informed consent.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.