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Article History

Received: 16 October 2025

Accepted: 9 September 2026

First Online: 26 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was designed as a quasi-experimental study and not a randomized controlled trial (RCT); therefore, it was not registered in a clinical trials registry. This study was conducted in 2022 and received approval from the Ethics Committee of Gonabad University of Medical Sciences (ethics code: IR.GMU.REC.1401.039). All procedures were carried out in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the institutional and national research committees. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Additionally, necessary permissions and coordination were completed with the directors and management of the nursing homes in Tabriz. Participants were fully informed about the study’s objectives and the research team before providing their consent.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.