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Authors
Liu, Lixia
Li, Zhijie
Dai, Qian
Wu, Qinqin
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Article History
Received: 17 May 2026
Accepted: 24 September 2026
First Online: 3 October 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for CHARLS was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052–11015), and all participants provided written informed consent.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
