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Article History

Received: 18 February 2026

Accepted: 24 September 2026

First Online: 7 October 2026

Declarations

Human ethics approval declarations: This study used publicly available, non-restricted, and de-identified data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The HRS is approved by the Health Sciences and Behavioral Sciences institutional review board at the University of Michigan. The HRS data collection was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Approval committee or the internal review board: This secondary data analysis was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Southern California (UP-18-00229).

Consent to participate: All respondents in the Health and Retirement Study consented to the study prior to being interviewed.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.