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Article History

Received: 22 July 2019

Accepted: 24 September 2020

First Online: 9 October 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: Informed written consent was provided by all study participants unless under the age of fifteen, in which case consent was sought from an accompanying parent or guardian. A participant information sheet (PIS) was provided in Swahili and retained by the participant. If the participant was unable to read, the PIS was read to them in full and verbal consent recorded by the laboratory technician and an independent, i.e. an individual not associated with the study team, third-party witness; this procedure was approved by both ethics committees below.Ethical approval for this study was provided by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health of Kinshasa (No 88c/2017) and the Research Ethics Committee of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (Ref: 15193). Authorization to collect, preserve, ship, and analyze the Whatman Elute cards at LSHTM was granted by the Ministry of Health for DRC through a Material Transfer Agreement. The associated Uvira Trial is registered at (Ref: ).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.