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Article History

Received: 12 October 2021

Accepted: 24 May 2022

First Online: 15 June 2022

Declarations

:

: This study uses the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) hospitalization dataset compiled by the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), an administrative dataset maintained by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Since the NIS data are de-identified and in a publicly available dataset, Columbia University’s Human Research Protection Office does not consider this to be research with human subjects and thus not require an IRB review. No individual subjects were involved in the work, we do not have access to information about any individuals associated with hospital discharge records, and the data contain no direct patient identifiers. The raw HCUP datasets were accessed after successful completion of the HCUP Data Use Agreement training course and certification, administered by the HCUP Central Distributor. Permission from Columbia University was not required.

: Not applicable.

: JS and Columbia University disclose partial ownership of SK Analytics. JS discloses consulting for BNI.