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Article History

Received: 14 August 2024

Accepted: 9 October 2024

First Online: 21 October 2024

Declarations

:

: We used retrospective surveillance data and did not directly engage any participant for this study. The Ministry of Health Uganda provided administrative clearance to conduct this study as part of the routine national public health surveillance data analysis for action. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided the non-research determination (NRD) for non-human subjects. In agreement with the International Guidelines for Ethical Review of Epidemiological Studies by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (1991) and the Office of the Associate Director for Science, US CDC/Uganda, it was determined that this activity was not human subject research and that its primary intent was to improve public health practice or disease control. This activity was reviewed by the US CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy. §§See, e.g., 45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. § 241(d); 5 U.S.C. § 552a; 44 U.S.C. § 3501 et seq. The protocol was approved by the US CDC human subjects review board (The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Institutional Review Board) and the Uganda Ministry of Health and the study performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All individualized surveillance records were anonymized and kept confidential.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.