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Article History

Received: 2 August 2024

Accepted: 18 November 2024

First Online: 3 December 2024

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval: The approval for this study came from the Institutional Review Boards of TTH, TWH, and TCH, as well as the Northern Regional Health Directorate in Tamale. Clearance of ethics was granted by the Ethics Review Committee of TTH and the Ghana Health Service, with approval numbers TTHERC/20/11/23/01 and GHS-ERC:053/09/23, respectively. Following the attainment of ethical clearance, notification was extended to the hospital's administration and the individuals responsible for overseeing the ART clinic about the research study. Their cooperation was sought to facilitate the identification and engagement of prospective study participants. Subsequently, a mutually agreed-upon meeting date was scheduled with these potential participants. During this meeting, a comprehensive disclosure process was conducted. No financial costs or expenses were incurred by participants during their involvement in this research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.