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Article History

Received: 18 September 2024

Accepted: 31 January 2025

First Online: 28 February 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted under the sponsorship of the Institut Pasteur, Paris. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the IP’s Institutional Review Board, the National Biomedical Research Ethics Committee in Madagascar (N° 065-MSANP/CE), and the National Ethics Committee for Health Research in Cambodia (N° 019NECHR). All procedures were in accordance with the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki (2008). Authorization for data processing was obtained from the French Data Protection Authority (CNIL), and names were pseudonymized by assigning a study-specific code to each participant. The ClinicalTrials.gov identifier of the study is: NCT02983487, which was first registered on the 2nd of December 2016.Informed written consent was obtained from both the adult participants and the parent(s)/legal guardian(s) of all under-18s (minor children). The age under which parent(s)/legal guardian(s) consented for the individuals (i.e. 18 years) was determined by national ethics committee, which followed national regulations. Oral assent was obtained for all the children of age seven years or older. Only individuals who agreed to participate were included in the study.

: Not Applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.