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Article History

Received: 12 August 2024

Accepted: 18 February 2025

First Online: 10 March 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (Approval Number: IRB2022-YX-268–01) on December 29, 2022. All procedures involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.Given the retrospective nature of this study and the use of anonymized medical records, the Medical Ethics Committee approved a waiver of written informed consent for patients with COVID-19. The waiver was granted as the research involved no more than minimal risk to the participants, and the data were anonymized to ensure privacy and confidentiality.

: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.