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Authors
Shi, Dongdong
Liu, Chang
Cheng, Yan
Cheng, Haidong
Zhang, Qingying
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871184, 81871184, 81871184)
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Article History
Received: 26 December 2024
Accepted: 17 April 2025
First Online: 26 April 2025
Declarations
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: This study received ethical approval from the Human Research Ethics Committee of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University (Approval No. Kyy2018-57). The requirement for written informed consent was formally waived by the same Institutional Review Board (IRB) due to the retrospective, non-interventional design that utilized exclusively pre-existing, de-identified medical records. This waiver aligns with Article 39 of the Chinese Regulations on the Ethical Review of Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects (2016), which permits exemption from informed consent for studies using anonymized archival data that pose no risk to participants. The research complied with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. All direct identifiers (e.g., names, ID numbers) were removed during data extraction to ensure patient confidentiality. No additional clinical interventions, biospecimen collections, or analyses involving identifiable information were performed.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
