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Authors
Nuwamanya, Yasiini
Ssemanda, Innocent
Aanyu, Dorothy
Kibwika, Brian
Mwebaza, Shem S.
Mbwire, Yunus
Olupot, Gorreti A.
Bamukisa, Peruth
Kayiwa, Joshua
Kwesiga, Benon
Bulage, Lilian
Migisha, Richard
Waako, Susan
Namulondo, Edith
Nansikombi, Hildah T.
Ario, Alex R.
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Article History
Received: 26 July 2024
Accepted: 22 April 2025
First Online: 30 April 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted as a response to a public health emergency by the National Rapid Response Team. The Ministry of Health Uganda provided administrative clearance to conduct this investigation. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provided the non-research determination (NRD) for non-human subjects. In agreement with the International Guidelines for Ethical Review of Epidemiological Studies by the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (1991) and the Office of the Associate Director for Science, US CDC/Uganda, it was determined that this activity was not human subject research and that its primary intent was public health practice or disease control activity (specifically, epidemic or endemic disease control activity). This activity was reviewed by the US CDC and was conducted consistent with applicable federal law and CDC policy. §§See, e.g., 45 C.F.R. part 46, 21 C.F.R. part 56; 42 U.S.C. § 241(d); 5 U.S.C. § 552a; 44 U.S.C. § 3501 et seq. All experimental protocols were approved by the US CDC human subjects review board (The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Institutional Review Board) and the Uganda Ministry of Health and were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Furthermore, verbal informed consent was obtained from all the participants and from the legal guardians for the participants who were below 18 years of age for interviews since the investigation presented no more than minimal risk of harm and involved no procedures for which written consent is normally required in other contexts. Additionally, verbal consent opted for in an effort to minimize possible transmission of COVID19 and other communicable diseases during the investigation. We conducted the interviews in privacy to ensure confidentiality and the data kept under password protection by the study team.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
