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Article History

Received: 12 March 2025

Accepted: 20 June 2025

First Online: 2 July 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using de-identified public health surveillance data obtained from the Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC). This study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics and Human Subject Committee of Nanjing Medical University. When registration in the Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System in China, written informed consent was obtained from each adult patient and legally authorized representatives of patient who was under the age of 16. The data used in this study are de-identified and anonymized aggregated surveillance data. During the research process, we have fully considered the issue of data security and established a comprehensive data security management system. This includes restricting data access permissions, authorizing only the research team members to access the relevant data, and requiring them to sign confidentiality agreements.

: Not applicable. This manuscript does not include individual-level data requiring consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.