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Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Accepted: 17 July 2025

First Online: 28 July 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the former Institutional Review Board of ALIPB, now under the ALIHR, Addis Ababa University (ALIPB IRERC/88/2014/22). The study adheres to the principles and guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Before data collection, permission was obtained from health offices of Amibara, Harunka and Awash Sebat city administration districts. Informed written consent was obtained from adults and from parents or guardians for children under 12, while informed assent was obtained from children between 12 and 18 years old. Malaria-positive participants were treated in accordance with established malaria treatment protocols in the study sites, while participants without malaria received alternative antibiotics regimens based on the clinician’s differential diagnosis.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.