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Authors
Itani, Rania https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4316-3224
Khojah, Hani M. J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0586-1526
Shuhaiber, Patricia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2072-9248
Raychouni, Hamza https://orcid.org/0009-0006-2856-8740
Dib, Carole
Hassan, Mariam
Mukattash, Tareq L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0200-9845
El-Lakany, Abdalla
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Article History
Received: 8 August 2024
Accepted: 30 July 2025
First Online: 20 August 2025
Declarations
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: The study was designed and executed in adherence to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki guidelines []. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) at Beirut Arab University (approval code: 2023-H-0089-P-R-0532). Furthermore, ethical approvals were obtained from the IRBs and ethical committees of the participating hospitals: first hospital (approval code: 2023-IRB-012), second hospital (approval code: 8785/AM/T/BDM/Classification 30350/1), third hospital (approval code: 6/2023), and fourth hospital (approval code: HOP-2023-006). Data collection involved a comprehensive review of de-identified and anonymized medical records, with no direct patient contact or follow-up. The IRBs and ethical committees of the participating hospitals granted a waiver for patient’s informed consent due to the study’s retrospective observational design, which involved data collection post-discharge and ensured that no patient identifiers were accessed. This approach preserved patient privacy and adhered to ethical standards for such observational research.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
