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Authors
Maragia, James Marcomic
Kiplagat, Jepchirchir
Dickens, Onyango
Odeny, Lazarus
Olubulyera, Stephen
Dominic, Ongaki
Karani, Vallerian
Jamada, John
Okemwa, Job
Okari, Jeremiah
Ulo, Benson
Odhiambo, Fredrick
Owiny, Maurice
Ahmed, Abade
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Article History
Received: 26 May 2025
Accepted: 30 July 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study adhered to the Helsinki Declaration and ethical approval was obtained from Moi University Institutional Review and Ethics Committee (IREC), Reference number IREC/407/2023, Approval number FAN: 0004355, on 22nd February 2023 and a permit from National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI), Reference number 115179, License number: NACOSTI/P/23/24082 on 16th March 2023 followed by administrative approval from Turkana County, Subcounty and Hospitals before approaching participants. Participants consented (Consent and assent forms attached as related files) before collecting data. The ethics committee granted approval for obtaining verbal informed consent, considering that a significant portion of the study participants lacked formal education and could not read or write. To secure consent, the parents or guardians of each study subject were approached, and the study’s objectives and significance were explained orally. Additionally, children who were capable of understanding and speaking were also asked for their ascent. Parents were assured that participation in the study was entirely voluntary, and they had the freedom to withdraw their participation at any point if they so desired. To safeguard participant confidentiality, the questionnaire did not include any personal identifiers such as names or addresses. Furthermore, all study respondents were reassured that there would be no physical or emotional harm resulting from their participation in the study.
: All participants involved in this study provided consent for the publication of the de-identified information in this manuscript. Consent was obtained in accordance with Institutional Review and Ethics Committee (IREC) and a permit from National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). The participants understood that once published, the content will be available to the public and may be used in future publications or further research.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
