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Article History

Received: 1 May 2024

Accepted: 12 August 2025

First Online: 2 September 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical clearance and approval were obtained from Addis Ababa University’s College of Health Sciences and AAREC, AAUMF03-008/2020. The Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology (DMIP) and the AHRI/ALERT Research Ethics Committee (AAREC) reviewed and approved the study, and institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained from Addis Ababa University’s College of Health Sciences and AAREC, AAUMF03-008/2020. The study was also approved by AHRI/ALERT Ethics Review Committee (protocol number: P0/2919) of the Armauer Hansen Research Institute and National Ethical Review committee (Ref No. MoE//17/246/767/23). A written permission letter was obtained from each study site before starting the data collection. The purpose and procedures of the study were explained to the study participants, participants’ parents, or guardians before the commencement of the actual specimen collection. Those study participants who gave written informed consent and those children whose parents or guardians gave informed consent were selected and enrolled in this study. Results obtained from all patients were communicated to attending physicians and treated according to the protocol of the hospital. All patients’ information was kept confidential by using an identifier/code to protect patient information from unauthorized person. In addition, the study was conducted in accordance with the declaration Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.