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Authors
Mulchandani, Ranya https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5157-1060
Packer, Simon https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-3650
Howkins, Joshua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4289-2946
Robinson, Carla
Lamagni, Theresa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3965-8323
Bhattacharya, Alex
Reynolds, Rosy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4643-9556
Charlett, Andre
Brown, Colin https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4776-3403
Hope, Russell https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2838-6833
Hopkins, Susan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5179-5702
Oliver, Isabel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6106-1734
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research (ACF-2022-13-013)
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Behavioural Science and Evaluation at University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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Article History
Received: 17 October 2024
Accepted: 14 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: This project involved analysis of a patient-level pseudonymised extract from a national linked dataset. Consent to participate was not required. The national linked dataset was approved by the PHE Research Ethics and Governance Group (REGG) on the 25/05/2018, approval number NR012 and by the PHE National Infection Service Caldicott Review Panel on the 15/06/2018.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
