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Authors
Sangare, Moussa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9582-4093
Coulibaly, Yaya Ibrahim
Diabate, Abdoul Fatao
Dolo, Housseini
Koureichi, Mahamoud Mahamadou
Diarra, Dansiné
Duguay, Claudia
Stephens, Mariana
Diakité, Mahamadou
Kulkarni, Manisha A.
Nutman, Thomas B.
Krentel, Alison
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK aid from the British government (AID-OAA-G-14-00008, AID-OAA-G-14-00008, AID-OAA-G-14-00008, AID-OAA-G-14-00008, AID-OAA-G-14-00008, AID-OAA-G-14-00008)
The Task Force for Global Health primarily by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1190754, OPP1190754, OPP1190754, OPP1190754, OPP1190754, OPP1190754)
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Article History
Received: 30 April 2025
Accepted: 3 September 2025
First Online: 7 October 2025
Declarations
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: In accordance with the declaration of Helsinki, the protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethical Review Committee of the University of Sciences, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako (Mali) [Approval No. 2019/173/CE/FMOS/FAPH]. Subsequent approval was provided by the University of Ottawa for additional analysis [Approval No. H- 02- 23- 8759]. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
