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Authors
Jia, Rui
Yin, Jiajia
Zhao, Jinmeng
Jia, Yangyang
Li, Lifeng
Zhang, Wancun
Wang, Fang
Liu, Yuchun
Bai, Yilin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Henan Province medical science and technology research project in China (LHGJ20220748)
Henan Province science and technology research project in China (232102310276)
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Article History
Received: 10 June 2024
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 5 November 2025
Declarations
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: All research involving human materials in this study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2023 revision). The Medical Ethics Review Committee of Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital (Henan Children’s Hospital) approved this study (IRB No. 2022-K-L029). Based on the submitted protocol and supporting documents, the committee confirmed compliance with applicable regulations, including the European Clinical Trial Regulation (ECTR), Medical Device Regulation (MDR), In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR), Medical Treatment Contract Act (WGBO), and General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). All methods were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines. Discarded serum samples from pediatric HFMD patients and non-HFMD residual materials were used, with no additional blood drawn specifically for this study. Patient informed consent was waived by the Medical Ethics Review Committee of Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital (Henan Children’s Hospital) due to the retrospective, de-identified nature of the samples.
: All authors provided written consent for publication of this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
