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Authors
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Seubsanith, Amphayvanh
Sengduangphachanh, Amphone
Chanthongthip, Anisone
Douangnouvong, Anousone
Bounxouei, Bounthaphany
Sibounheuang, Bountoy
Moore, Cathrin E.
Chommanam, Danoy
Sengdatka, Davanh
Dance, David A. B.
Silisouk, Joy
Choumlivong, Khamla
Choumlivong, Khamloun
Duangmala, Khuanta
Chang, Ko
Phommasone, Koukeo
Boutthasavong, Latsaniphone
Vongsouvath, Malavanh
Seephonelee, Malee
Vongsouvath, Manivanh
Simmalavong, Manivone
Luangraj, Manophab
Mayxay, Mayfong
Rattana, Olay
Sengvilaipaseuth, Onanong
Newton, Paul N.
Panyanouvong, Phonepasith
Mangtani, Punam
Rattanavong, Sayaphet
Sisouphone, Siho
Phongmany, Simmaly
Sihalath, Somsavanh
Keoluangkhot, Valy
Davong, Viengmon
Chansamouth, Vilada
Xaiyaphet, Xaipasong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Wellcome Trust (22021/Z/20/Z)
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Article History
Received: 24 March 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: Written informed consent was obtained from participants or their legally acceptable representative (LAR) or guardians. Ethical approval for the UI study was initially granted by the Ethical Review Committee of the Faculty of Medical Sciences, National University of Laos. The approval has been regularly updated, with subsequent approval granted by the Research Ethics Committee, University of Health Sciences, Vientiane, Lao PDR. Additional approval was obtained from the Oxford Tropical Research Ethics Committee (OxTREC), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee (reference no 29465/RR/32597).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
