Khemiri, Haifa https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8556-7493
Lorusso, Alessio https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6156-8212
Ayouni, Kaouther
Radomski, Nicolas https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7480-4197
Khaled, Monia Ben
Mangone, Iolanda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6716-091X
Di Pasquale, Adriano https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9328-3972
CammĂ , Cesare https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7547-1195
Ben Fraj, Ilhem
Mekki, Najla
Meftah, Khawla
Souiai, Oussama
Ben Mustapha, Imen
Rekaya, Semia
Touzi, Henda
Sadraoui, Amel
Meddeb, Zina
Hogga, Nahed
Smaoui, Hanen
Barbouche, Mohamed-Ridha https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4145-8644
Ouederni, Monia
Gdoura, Mariem https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2031-6534
Triki, Henda
Haddad-Boubaker, Sondes https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9705-4387
Funding for this research was provided by:
Italian Ministry of Health
Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Research
Tunisian Ministry of Health
Article History
Received: 24 December 2024
Accepted: 18 September 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Declarations
:
: This study was approved by the local Medical Ethics Committee of Bechir Hamza Children’s Hospital of Tunis, Tunisia (12/2021) and the Bio-Medical Ethics Committee of Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia (2020/14/I/LR16IPT/V1).
: The parents or legal tutor of children provided informed and written consent to collect samples and data specifically for this study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.