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Authors
Tang, Hui
Chen, Xudan
Wu, Yueqian
Sun, Jie
Chang, Yikun
Chen, Jinwei
Li, Junxi
Lin, Yongkang
Liufu, Yiguo
Song, Danyang
Luo, Xinru
Zhang, Kexing
Wang, Yu
Wen, Qilan
Zhang, Lei
Zhang, Wangjian
Du, Zhicheng
Hao, Yuantao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82103947)
Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou, China (2024A04J4623)
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Article History
Received: 3 June 2025
Accepted: 22 September 2025
First Online: 15 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study did not involve any human trials. All experimental protocols were approved by the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The use of hand, foot, and mouth disease data was permitted by the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The need of informed consent was deemed unnecessary by the Ethics Review Committee of the Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, because the data used in this study was anonymized and did not contain personal and health information that could be connected back to the original identifiers. The study was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Review Committee of the School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University (No.: ZDGWYL (2023) 019). This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
