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Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Accepted: 29 September 2025

First Online: 24 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethical and Research Committee of Nangarhar Medical Faculty, Nangarhar University, Afghanistan (012/2023); the Educational Directorate of Nangarhar, Afghanistan (397/1445-2-13); and the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Thailand (MUTM 2023-020-1). The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians of children younger than 13 years. For students aged 13 years and older, written assent was additionally obtained together with parental/guardian consent prior to participation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.