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Article History

Received: 7 July 2025

Accepted: 6 October 2025

First Online: 23 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and the Japanese Ethics Guidelines for Epidemiological Studies. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Nagoya University (2020–0553) and Higashinagoya National Hospital institutional review boards (2–18) of the participating institutions. Written informed consent was obtained from study participants.

: Not applicable.

: All of the following information provide relevant financial activities outside the submitted work. Dr. Shindo reports receiving payment for research grant from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; receiving payment for lectures from KYORIN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca K.K., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Gilead Sciences Inc., MSD K.K., GlaxoSmithKline plc., Insmed, Inc., Asahi Kasei Pharma Co., Ltd., and Pfizer Inc.; receiving support for attending meetings and/or travel from Pfizer Inc.; and participates as a member of the case adjudication committee of GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA. Dr. Nakagawa reports receiving payment for lectures from Insmed, Inc., and participating on the Advisory Board of Insmed, Inc.. Dr. Nishikawa reports collaboration research grants from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Nippon Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd., Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K., Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Kyowa Kirin Co., Ltd., Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd., Oncolys BioPharma Inc., Debiopharm International SA, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co., Ltd., Sysmex Corporation, FUJIFILM Medical Co., Ltd., SRL, Inc., Astellas Pharma Inc., Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co., Ltd., ARC Therapies Co., Ltd., Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd., RIKAKEN HOLDINGS Co., Ltd., and Eisai Co., Ltd.; participating on the Advisory Board of ARC Therapies Co., Ltd.; receiving payment for lectures from Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., MSD K.K., Nippon Becton Dickinson Co., Ltd., Amgen Inc., and Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K. Bristol-Myers Squibb K.K.; and stock or stock options from ARC Therapies Co., Ltd. and LTZ Therapeutics Inc.. Dr. Ishii reports research funding from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd.; and receiving payment for lectures from AstraZeneca K.K., Insmed, Inc., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., KYORIN Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., GlaxoSmithKline plc., and Pfizer Inc.. No other authors reported disclosures.