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Article History

Received: 8 August 2025

Accepted: 9 October 2025

First Online: 31 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Guangdong Provincial Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Affiliated institution: Guangdong Provincial Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine) and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (Ethics Committee approval number: Z202404-002-01). Given that this study employs a retrospective design and meets the following criteria: research utilises biological samples or data containing identifiable information where subjects cannot be identified; the research project does not involve personal privacy or commercial interests; participants’ privacy and personal identity information are protected; and the waiver of informed consent will not adversely affect participants’ health or rights, this study has applied for exemption from patient informed consent; The Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, in accordance with the National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China’s ‘Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects’, has approved the exemption from informed consent requirements for this study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.