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Serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in the post–pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era in Nigeria: a hospital-based cross-sectional study

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-025-11936-w

Published Online: 2025-11-04

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Joy, Nnanna

Ebere, Okoye

Tochukwu, Nnanna

Onochie-Igbinedion, Ifeyinwa

Harrison, Abone

Charles, Esimone

Ikegbunam, Moses
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Article History

Received: 21 May 2023

Accepted: 9 October 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

:

: All experimental protocol were approved by the institutional review board of Federal Medical Centre, Asaba, Delta State (FMC/ASB/A81 VOL XII/89) and Delta State Hospital Management board, Warri (CHW/ECC VOL 1/174). Informed consents were obtained from all subjects and their legal guardians(s) in case of minor’s prior to sample collection. The study protocol has been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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