Kamga, Rolin Mitterran Ndefo
Ajim, Nsani Clifford
Soubgwi, Pythagore Fogue
Noyes, Harry
MacLeod, Annette
Simo, Gustave
Adamson, Walt E.
Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 31 October 2025
Declarations
:
: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. The study protocol was approved by the National Ethical Committee for Research on Human Health of the Ministry of Public Health of Cameroon in December 2021 (reference number 2021/12/1429/CE/CNERSH/SP/22/12/2021). Additionally, approval was obtained from the West Regional Delegate of Public Health and the directors of hospitals where sampling took place. Each adult participant provided informed consent form and a certificate of confidentiality. For participants who were unable to read the consent form, a local research assistant provided an accurate verbal translation. For participants aged under 18 years, written informed consent was obtained from their parents or guardians, alongside assent from the minors. Data collected were anonymised for analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.